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General: Just after realization a 15-minute intravenous infusion
of UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) , peak serum concentrations of ampicillin and
sulbactam are attained. Ampicillin serum levels resemble those manufactured by the administration
of equivalent numbers of ampicillin alone. Peak ampicillin
serum levels ranging
from 109 to 150 mcg/mL are attained after administration of 2000 mg of ampicillin
plus 1000 mg
sulbactam and 40 to 71 mcg/mL after administration of 1000 mg ampicillin
plus 500 mg sulbactam. The related mean peak
serum levels for sulbactam
range between 48 to 88 mcg/mL and 21 to 40 mcg/mL, respectively. After an intramuscular
injection
of 1000 mg ampicillin plus 500 mg sulbactam, peak ampicillin serum
levels ranging from 8 to 37 mcg/mL and peak
sulbactam serum levels between
6 to 24 mcg/mL are attained.
The mean serum half-life of both drugs is around
Sixty minutes in healthy volunteers.
Approximately 75 to 85% of both ampicillin and sulbactam are excreted unchanged
in the
urine throughout the first 8 hours after administration of UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) to individuals
with normal renal function. A
better view and even more prolonged serum levels
of ampicillin and sulbactam is possible while using concurrent administration
of probenecid.
In patients with impaired renal function the elimination kinetics of ampicillin
and sulbactam are similarly affected, hence the number
of together will
remain constant no matter the renal function. The dose of UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) in such patients
/>should be administered less often relative to the usual practice
for ampicillin (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Ampicillin has been
seen as for being approximately 28% reversibly guaranteed to human
serum protein and sulbactam approximately 38% reversibly bound.
The
following average quantities of ampicillin and sulbactam were measured in the
tissues and fluids listed:
TABLE A: Concentration of
UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) in Various Body Tissues
and Fluids
Fluid or Tissue
Dose (grams)
Ampicillin/Sulbactam
Concentration
(mcg/mL or mcg/g)
Ampicillin/Sulbactam
Peritoneal Fluid
0. 5/0. 5 IV
7/14
Blister Fluid (Cantharides)
0. 5/0. 5 IV
/>8/20
Tissue Fluid
1/0. 5 IV
8/4
Intestinal Mucosa
0. 5/0. 5 IV
11/18
Appendix
2/1 IV
3/40
Penetration
of both ampicillin and sulbactam into cerebrospinal fluid inside the
presence of inflamed meninges is demonstrated after IV administration
of
UNASYN.
The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam in pediatric patients receiving
UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) are much like those
seen in adults. Right after a 15-minute
infusion of 50 to 75 mg UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) /kg body mass,
peak serum and plasma concentrations
of 82 to 446 mcg ampicillin/mL and 44 to 203 mcg sulbactam/mL were obtained. Mean
half-life values were approximately 1 hour.
Microbiology
Ampicillin is just like benzyl penicillin in its bactericidal action against
susceptible
organisms through the stage of active multiplication. It acts through
the inhibition of cell wall mucopeptide biosynthesis. Ampicillin features a
broad
spectrum of bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. (Ampicillin is, however, degraded by beta-lactamases
/>and therefore the spectrum of activity doesn't normally include organisms which
produce these enzymes. )
A great deal of beta-lactamases
within microorganisms resistance against penicillins
and cephalosporins have been proved in biochemical studies with cell free bacterial
systems to be
irreversibly inhibited by sulbactam. Although sulbactam alone
possesses little useful antibacterial activity except up against the Neisseriaceae,
whole organism studies
show that sulbactam restores ampicillin activity
against beta-lactamase producing strains. For example, sulbactam has good
inhibitory activity resistant to the
clinically important plasmid mediated beta-lactamases
most often responsible for transferred drug resistance. Sulbactam does not have any
relation to the
activity of ampicillin against ampicillin susceptible strains.
The presence of sulbactam in the UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) formulation effectively
extends the
antibiotic spectrum of ampicillin to add many bacteria normally resistant
going without running shoes and other beta-lactam antibiotics.
Thus, UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) possesses the properties
of your broad-spectrum antibiotic and also a beta-lactamase inhibitor.
While in
vitro research has demonstrated the susceptibility of all
strains from the following organisms, clinical efficacy for infections in addition to
/>those included in the indications section hasn't been documented.
Gram-Positive Bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase
and non-beta-lactamase producing), Staphylococcus epidermidis
(beta-lactamase
and non-beta-lactamase producing), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (beta-lactamase
and non-beta-lactamase producing), Streptococcus faecalis
(Enterococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (formerly
D. pneumoniae), Streptococcus pyogenes
, Streptococcus
viridans .
Gram-Negative Bacteria: Hemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase
and non-beta-lactamase producing), Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis
(beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase producing),
Escherichia coli (beta-lactamase
and non-beta-lactamase producing), Klebsiella species (all known strains
are beta-lactamase producing), Proteus mirabilis (beta-lactamase and
non-beta-lactamase producing),
/>
Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii,
Morganella morganii, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (beta-lactamase
and non-beta-lactamase producing) buy zovirax online no
prescription.
Anaerobes: Clostridium species , Peptococcus
species , Peptostreptococcus species, Bacteroides
species, including B. fragilis.
These bankruptcies
are not beta-lactamase producing strains and, therefore,
are inclined to ampicillin alone.
Susceptibility Testing
Diffusion Technique: For the Kirby-Bauer
technique of susceptibility testing,
a 20 mcg (10 mcg ampicillin + 10 mcg sulbactam) diffusion disk should be used. The
technique is a outlined from the NCCLS publication M2-A4. 1 With
this technique, an investigation from the laboratory of "Susceptible"
indicates
how the infecting organism will probably reply to UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) therapy and also a report
of "Resistant"
signifies that the infecting organism isn't likely
to reply to therapy. An "Intermediate" susceptibility report suggests
the infecting organism will
be subject to UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) if an increased dosage
is used or maybe the problem is limited to
tissues or fluids (e. g. , urine) in
which high antibiotic levels are attained.
Dilution Techniques: Broth or agar
dilution methods could be used to determine
the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for susceptibility of bacterial
isolates to ampicillin/
sulbactam. The technique used is but one outlined inside the NCCLS
publication M7-A2. 2 Tubes should be inoculated to contain
105
to 106 organisms/mL or plates "spotted" with 104
organisms.
The recommended dilution method employs a constant ampicillin/sulbactam ratio
/>of 2:One out of all tubes with increasing concentrations of ampicillin. MIC's the
presence of sulbactam for a constant 2
parts ampicillin to a single part sulbactam.
Recommended ampicillin/sulbactam, Susceptibility Ranges1,2,3
Resistant
Intermediate
Susceptible
Gram(-) and
Staphylococcus
Bauer/Kirby
≤ 11 mm
12-13 mm
≥ 14 mm
Zone Sizes MIC (mcg of ampicillin/mL)
≥ 32
16
≤
8
Hemophilus influenzae
Bauer/Kirby
≤ 19
-
≥ 20
Zone Sizes MIC (mcg of ampicillin/mL)
≥ 4
-
≤ 2
/>
1The non-beta-lactamase producing organisms that happen to be normally
susceptible to ampicillin, for instance Streptococci, can have similar
zone sizes
as for ampicillin disks.
2Staphylococci resistant to methicillin, oxacillin,
or nafcillin should be considered immune to UNASYN (ampicillinand sulbactam) .
3The qc cultures must have the next assigned
daily ranges for ampicillin/sulbactam:
Disks
Mode MIC (mcg/mL ampicillin/mcg/
mL sulbactam)
E. coli
(ATCC 25922)
20-24 mm
2/1
S. aureus
(ATCC 25923)
29-37 mm
/>0. 12/0. 06
E. coli
(ATCC 35218)
13-19 mm
8/4
Scientific tests
Skin and Skin Structure Infections in Pediatric
Patients: Data from
a controlled clinical trial conducted in pediatric patients provided evidence
supporting the safety and efficacy of UNASYN
(ampicillin and sulbactam) for the treating of skin and skin
structure infections. Of 99 pediatric patients evaluable for clinical efficacy,
/>60 patients received a regimen containing intravenous UNASYN (ampicillin and sulbactam) , and 39 patients
received a regimen containing intravenous
cefuroxime. This trial demonstrated
similar outcomes (assessed at an appropriate interval after discontinuation
coming from all antimicrobial therapy) for UNASYN
(ampicillin and sulbactam) - and cefuroxime treated patients:
Therapeutic Regimen
Clinical Success
Clinical Failure
UNASYN
51/60 (85%)
9/60
(15%)
Cefuroxime
34/39 (87%)
5/39 (13%)
Most patients received a course of oral antimicrobials following initial treatment
with intravenous
administration of parenteral antimicrobials. The investigation protocol
required that these three criteria be met ahead of transition from intravenous
to
oral antimicrobial therapy: 1) receipt of a t least 72 hours of intravenous
therapy; 2) no documented fever for prior
1 day; and 3) improvement or resolution
in the signs and symptoms of infection.
The number of oral antimicrobial
agent used in this trial was driven by
susceptibility testing in the original pathogen, if isolated, to oral agents
available.
The path of oral antimicrobial therapy must not routinely exceed
2 weeks.
Animal Pharmacology: While reversible glycogenosis was noticed
in laboratory
animals, this phenomenon was dose- and time-dependent and is not anticipated to
develop at the therapeutic doses and
corresponding plasma levels attained during
the relatively short periods of combined ampicillin/sulbactam therapy in man.
REFERENCES
1. National
Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards,
Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests-Fourth
Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M2-A4, Vol. 10,
No. 7 NCCLS, Villanova,
PA, April 1990.
2. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Methods
for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically,
Second Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A2, Vol. 10, No. 8 NCCLS,
Villanova, PA,
April 1990.
Last reviewed on RxList: 5/19/2008
This monograph has been modified to incorporate the generic and brand most
often.
.